Nigel Kerner article:
Dreadlocks in Space
sources:
www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0503213
www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0603022
You are made of space-time
by Davide Castelvecchi & Valerie Jamieson
New Scientist 12 August 2006
Nigel Kerner’s then revolutionary hypothesis that matter is simply frozen and twisted space was put forward nine years ago in ‘The Song of the Greys’. Science has only just caught up with his ideas:
“Are particles nothing more than tangled plaits in space-time?”
Lee Smolin – theoretical physicist.
LEE SMOLIN is no magician. Yet he and his colleagues have pulled off one of the greatest tricks imaginable. Starting from nothing more than Einstein’s general theory of relativity, they have conjured up the universe. Everything from the fabric of space to the matter that makes up wands and rabbits emerges as if out of an empty hat.
It is an impressive feat. Not only does it tell us about the origins of space and matter, it might help us understand where the laws of the universe come from. Not surprisingly, Smolin, who is a theoretical physicist at the Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Ontario, is very excited. “I’ve been jumping up and down about these ideas,” he says.
This promising approach to understanding the cosmos is based on a collection of theories called loop quantum gravity, an attempt to merge general relativity and quantum mechanics into a single consistent theory.The origins of loop quantum gravity can be traced back to the 1980s, when Abhay Ashtekar, now at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, rewrote Einstein’s equations of general relativity in a quantum framework. Smolin and Carlo Rovelli of the University of the Mediterranean in Marseille, France, later developed Ashtekar’s ideas and discovered that in the new framework, space is not smooth and continuous but instead comprises indivisible chunks just 10-35 metres in diameter. Loop quantum gravity then defines space-time as a network of abstract links that connect these volumes of space, rather like nodes linked on an airline route map.
From the start, physicists noticed that these links could wrap around one another to form braid-like structures Enter Sundance Bilson-Thompson, a theoretical particle physicist at the University of Adelaide in South Australia. He knew little about quantum gravity when, in 2004, he began studying an old problem from particle physics. Bilson-Thompson was trying to understand the true nature of what physicists think of as the elementary particles – those with no known sub-components. He was perplexed by the plethora of these particles in the standard model, and began wondering just how elementary they really were. As a first step towards answering this question, he dusted off some models developed in the 1970s that postulated the existence of more fundamental entities called preons.
Just as the nuclei of different elements are built from protons and neutrons, these preon models suggest that electrons, quarks, neutrinos and the like are built from smaller, hypothetical particles that carry electric charge and interact with each other. The models eventually ran into trouble, however, because they predicted that preons would have vastly more energy than the particles they were supposed to be part of. This fatal flaw saw the models abandoned, although not entirely forgotten.
Bilson-Thompson took a different tack. Instead of thinking of preons as particles that join together like Lego bricks, he concentrated on how they interact. After all, what we call a particle’s properties are really nothing more than shorthand for the way it interacts with everything around it. Perhaps, he thought, he could work out how preons interact, and from that work out what they are.
To do this, Bilson-Thompson abandoned the idea that preons are point-like particles and theorised that they in fact possess length and width, like ribbons that could somehow interact by wrapping around each other. He supposed that these ribbons could cross over and under each other to form a braid when three preons come together to make a particle. Individual ribbons can also twist clockwise or anticlockwise along their length. Each twist, he imagined, would endow the preon with a charge equivalent to one-third of the charge on an electron, and the sign of the charge depends on the direction of the twist.
The simplest braid possible in Bilson-Thompson’s model looks like a deformed pretzel and corresponds to an electron neutrino (see Graphic). Flip it over in a mirror and you have its antimatter counterpart, the electron anti-neutrino. Add three clockwise twists and you have something that behaves just like an electron; three anticlockwise twists and you have a positron. Bilson-Thompson’s model also produces photons and the W and Z bosons, the particles that carry the electromagnetic and weak forces. In fact, these braided ribbons seem to map out the entire zoo of particles in the standard model.
Bilson-Thompson published his work online last year (www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0503213). Despite its achievements, however, he still didn’t know what the preons were. Or what his braids were really made from. “I toyed with the idea of them being micro-wormholes, which wrapped round each other. Or some other extreme distortions in the structure of space-time,” he recalls.
It was at this point that Smolin stumbled across Bilson-Thompson’s paper. “When we saw this, we got very excited because we had been looking for anything that might explain braiding,” says Smolin. Were the two types of braids one and the same? Are particles nothing more than tangled plaits in space-time?
Smolin invited Bilson-Thompson to Waterloo to help him find out. He also enlisted the help of Fotini Markopoulou at the institute, who had long suspected that the braids in space might be the source of matter and energy. Yet she was also aware that this idea sits uneasily with loop quantum gravity. At every instant, quantum fluctuations rumple the network of space-time links, crinkling it into a jumble of humps and bumps. These structures are so ephemeral that they last for around 10-44 seconds before morphing into a new configuration. “If the network changes everywhere all the time, how come anything survives?” asks Markopoulou. “Even at the quantum level, I know that a photon or an electron lives for much longer that 10-44 seconds.”
Markopoulou had already found an answer in a radical variant of loop quantum gravity she had been developing together with David Kribs, an expert in quantum computing at the University of Guelph in Ontario. While traditional computers store information in bits that can take the values 0 or 1, quantum computers use “qubits” that, in principle at least, can be 0 and 1 at the same time, which is what makes quantum computing such a powerful idea. Individual qubits’ delicate duality is always at risk of being lost as a result of interactions with the outside world, but calculations have shown that collections of qubits are far more robust than one might expect, and that the data stored on them can survive all kinds of disturbance.
In Markopoulou and Kribs’s version of loop quantum gravity, they considered the universe as a giant quantum computer, where each quantum of space is replaced by a bit of quantum information. Their calculations showed that the qubits’ resilience would preserve the quantum braids in space-time, explaining how particles could be so long-lived amid the quantum turbulence.
Smolin, Markopoulou and Bilson-Thompson have now confirmed that the braiding of this quantum space-time can produce the lightest particles in the standard model – the electron, the “up” and “down” quarks, the electron neutrino and their antimatter partners (www.arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0603022).
Meanwhile, Markopoulou’s vision of the universe as a giant quantum computer might be more than a useful analogy: it might be true, according to some theorists. If so, there is one startling consequence: space itself might not exist. By replacing loop quantum gravity’s chunks of space with qubits, what used to be a frame of reference – space itself – becomes just a web of information. If the notion of space ceases to have meaning at the smallest scale, Markopoulou says, some of the consequences of that could have been magnified by the expansion that followed the big bang. “My guess is that the non-existence of space has effects that are measurable, if you can only see it right.” Because it’s pretty hard to wrap your mind around what it means for there to be no space, she adds.
Extract from Chapters 3 – (To Be Or Not To Be – That Is The Answer) ‘The Song Of The Greys’
The search for the final spatial dimension possible provides an inertial effect we call FORCE, the shape of which is the familiar figure of eight, or concentric loop configuration – of the sign for infinity. This is the root shape upon which the entire spatial infrastructure of the three dimensional matter, (and as radiation, non matter), inherently dual/polarity Universe is set, and evaluated by the sciences of physics and chemistry today. It is the pattern of force of all newly created ‘elements’ that the separation of points must ‘follow’ in ‘our’ state of implicit separation from the ALL TOGETHER state of SPIRIT. It gives rise in its most basic completed building block to the ATOM. We might say that the atom is the self contained pattern of implicit, fixed force, or tension, in the space of its own creation that THOUGHT becomes in its search for ultimate separation from the WHOLE. Hydrogen was and is the first and simplest self containable stable pattern of FORCE. Uranium was and is the last ‘created’, that this planet can hold as a stable, or in my terms, ‘devolved’ stable, modulus for our particular location in Space and situation in ‘TIME’ on the planet Earth.
At this first moment of all moments, when pure SPIRIT bursts out to sublimate matter, TIME begins as parts happen and start to separate to the inertia of the BIG BANG, trapping the GODHEAD LIGHT in its new situation. From here its value in purity begins to diminish. ATOMS are formed out of its degradent posture. Time increases its meter with fragmentation and subsequent gathering separation of parts. All the schemes of consolidation of these parts begin with the two primary directional vectors of FORCE expressed at the BIG BANG, dimensionally at right angles to one another. One dimensional force vector making what we now call the electric component and the other dimension – the magnetic one. The two together in inertial expression provide a moment of twist, creating the third dimensional vector (gravity) and the resulting whole spiral twist turns in on itself, trying for the logically impossible fourth spatial dimension.
As I have demonstrated, it never quite makes it and its compromise is the MOROIDAL shape of space itself. Into and within this whole scheme – the manifestation of SPIRIT (STILLNESS) begins with the lowest (most quiet) states of electromagnetism and builds to the HYDROGEN atom, when there is enough force to make a self contained unit, in localities where these electromagnetic states gather most, through the inevitable random disassociation caused by the BIG BANG explosion.
As I have said, the first atoms begin when these diverse electromagnetic radiational force vectors are of sufficient consolidational weight. Little self contained discrete parcels form in the simplest possible MOROIDAL shape. The hydrogen atom is born – HYDROGEN, the first element has happened. A multiplicity of ‘figure of eight’ twisted ribbons of pure FORCE, called HYDROGEN, form everywhere………….
On goes the momentum of the BIG BANG – atoms tumble into atoms – and into locations we call stars, when enough are gathered together to provide a large enough enforced situation, they will fuse into one another. HYDROGEN becomes HELIUM and so on, till the churn of their togetherness gives rise to the myriad fused multiples of HYDROGEN we call the ELEMENTS. Scientists now think that this happens in the centre of stars.
